All preferences are stored on your device.
2025
It is built from checkable properties of the record itself: whether the article has a DOI, how many independent sources confirmed its data, whether the required fields are filled in, and how recent the latest confirmation is. Disagreement between sources and a missing identifier lower it. A value of 80 or above means the record was published without further checking; 60 to 79 means it is published at reduced confidence, with a manual check advisable. A record verified by an editor by hand is never pushed below 90 by a recalculation. This scores our data about the article, not the article itself.
Thermal loading remains one of the key constraints limiting photovoltaic (PV) performance, particularly under high-irradiance conditions that elevate module temperatures far above ambient.This study presents a unified multiphysics framework for analyzing a crystalline silicon PV module subjected to three cooling strategies: natural air convection, forced air cooling and water cooling.A fully coupled 3D conjugate heat-transfer model was developed in COMSOL Multiphysics, with