Abstract
The purpose of the article is to analyze the natural and geographical, socio-economic, ecological situation, and special public environment of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and study its level of socio-economic development in the context of market economic relations, comparing it with other developed areas of the state and differentiating its causes and consequences. Based on the goal, the following tasks are considered: the natural state and natural resource potential of Xinjiang, the stages of socio-political development, ethnic composition and geography of their settlement, the diversity of the level of economic development within the district, the ratio of the social status and natural-ecological environment of the district, especially the southern region, the economic and social policy pursued by the Chinese authorities and the analysis of its results. Historical, comparative, statistical, and narrative methods were used during the writing of the article. The main idea of the article is that the authors reveal Xinjiang's important strategic position at the domestic and international levels and present its importance in China's relations with the countries of Central Asia. The main results and analyses of the article are a description of the role of large infrastructure projects implemented based on the One Belt, One Road program in changing the cultural, economic and socio - demographic landscape of the region and, in connection with this, a financial and geographical differentiation of the causes and consequences of the emergence of many ethnic and social problems that directly affect social stability and sustainable development