Abstract
This paper reviews and analyzes three types of vertical-axis wind rotors: the classic Savonius, spiral Savonius, and Darrieus designs. Using numerical modeling methods, including computational fluid dynamics (CFD), their aerodynamic characteristics, power output, and efficiency under different operating conditions are examined. Key parameters such as lift, drag, torque, and power coefficient are compared to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each rotor. Results highlight that the Darrieus rotor demonstrates the highest efficiency at higher wind speeds due to lift-based operation, while the spiral Savonius offers improved stability, smoother torque characteristics, and adaptability in turbulent or low-wind environments. The classic Savonius, though less efficient, remains simple, cost-effective, and suitable for small-scale urban applications where reliability is prioritized over high performance. In addition, the study outlines the importance of blade geometry, tip speed ratio, and advanced materials in enhancing rotor durability and efficiency. The integration of modern optimization approaches, such as CFD-based design improvements and machine learning techniques, is emphasized as a promising pathway for developing more reliable and sustainable vertical-axis wind turbines. Although the primary analysis relies on numerical simulations, the observed performance trends are consistent with findings reported in experimental studies, indicating that the results are practically meaningful for design screening, technology selection, and siting decisions. Unlike prior studies that analyze Savonius and Darrieus rotors in isolation or under heterogeneous setups, this work (i) establishes a harmonized, fully specified CFD configuration (common domain, BCs, turbulence/near-wall treatment, time-stepping) enabling like-for-like comparison; (ii) couples the transient aerodynamic loads p(θ,t) into a dynamic FEA + fatigue pipeline (rainflow + Miner with mean-stress correction), going beyond static loading proxies; (iii) quantifies a prototype-stage materials choice rationale (aluminum) with a validated migration path to orthotropic composites; and (iv) reports reproducible wake/torque metrics that are cross-checked against mature models (DMST/actuator-cylinder), providing design-ready envelopes for small/medium VAWTs. Overall, the work provides recommendations for selecting rotor types under different wind conditions and operational scenarios to maximize energy conversion performance and long-term reliability.