The Prevalence of Refractive Errors and Risk Factors for the Formation of Myopia in Schoolchildren in the City of Astana

Zeynet Akhmedyanova, Adelya Asykbayeva, Elvira Kadralieva, Aigerim Tuletova, Ainagul Mukazhanova, Kanat Akhmetov

2023

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DOI 10.54500/2790-1203-2023-4-119-42-48
Data confidence 70 medium
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Abstract

Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the increased prevalence of myopia. Multiple cross-sectional and longitudinal studies report an association between education and myopia. The purpose of this study is to study the structure and prevalence of refractive errors, as well as risk factors for the formation of myopia in schoolchildren in Astana. Methods. The cross-sectional study involved 200 students (400 eyes) in urban secondary schools. We studied autorefraction, subjective refraction using the "fogging" method and proposed a questionnaire in two age groups: 4th grade – 9 -10 years old (n=100), 9th grade - 15-16 years old (n=100). The questionnaire covered major risk factors such as parental myopia, screen time, outdoor time, working at close range, sports, daily routine, and subjective visual complaints. The association of risk factors with myopia was examined. Results. The overall prevalence of refractive errors was 46.75% (95% confidence interval (CI) 40; 53.5); myopia 36.75% (95% CI 27.5; 46); hyperopia 10% (95% CI 12.5–7.5) and astigmatism 18.75% (95% CI 11.5; 26). In the senior class group (9th grade), the percentage of myopia was higher (27.5% and 46%), while outdoor activity more than 2 hours a day (60.1% and 48%) and sports (65% and 48%) were associated with a lower incidence of myopia in the younger group (4th grade). Conclusions. The most common refractive error among schoolchildren in Astana is myopia. Measures to prevent the formation and progression of myopia, including increased time spent outdoors and playing sports, should guide public health interventions for this population.