Abstract
The question of the origin and history of flora formation is one of the most important areas of botanical and geographical research. The solution of this issue is possible only on the basis of materials from paleobotany, paleogeography, paleogeology, phytostratigraphy, paleoclimatology, paleontology, as well as the identification and study of relict plant species of flora. The purpose of the work is to consider the main stages of the genesis of the flora of the Aktobe floral district. The urgency of the problem is due to the need to develop theoretical problems of phlorogenesis and phytocenogenesis and to reflect them on a specific regional material. The work was carried out on the basis of literature data on the genesis of flora, geomorphology and climatology, as well as on long-term herbarium materials collected by us using the route method. The analysis of the areas of relict species of the study area demonstrates the pronounced connections of flora with the forest, forest-steppe, steppe zones of Europe, Siberia, the Turan deserts, mountainous Central Asia, as well as the presence of certain connections with the Caucasus, the Mediterranean and once again confirms the duality of the nature of the steppes: on the one hand from the light-tolerant species of the Arctic-tertiary root, and on the other the sides are from the ancient Mediterranean". The study of materials on paleobotany, paleogeography, paleogeology, phytostratigraphy, paleoclimatology and the analysis of relics reflect the complexity and heterogeneity and heterochronicity of the process of florogenesis of the Aktobe floristic district.