Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems has become a serious environmental problem with far-reaching consequences for both aquatic life and human well-being. This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted problem of microplastic pollution in freshwater, delving into its diverse sources, transport mechanisms, environmental impacts, detection methods, and mitigation strategies. The environmental impacts of microplastic pollution are many and varied, affecting aquatic organisms, food webs and biodiversity in general. Additionally, microplastic pollution raises human health concerns due to the potential risks associated with consuming contaminated freshwater resources. The review also highlights environmental factors that influence the abundance and distribution of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems, such as hydrological conditions, human activities and biological interactions. The transport routes and fate of microplastics, including sedimentation, adsorption and bioaccumulation, are considered. The article concludes by highlighting the urgent need for global awareness, research and coordinated action to address the critical issue of microplastic pollution in freshwater.