Abstract
This comparative study investigates the effects of traditional and modern cultivation practices on the yield of major field crops, including wheat, maize, rice, and soybean, across four distinct agricultural zones. By analyzing yield data and input costs, the research aims to uncover the efficiency, sustainability, and economic viability of each set of practices. The findings reveal significant yield improvements under modern practices across all crops and locations, albeit with higher input costs. This study contributes to the ongoing debate on agricultural practices by providing evidence-based insights into their impact on crop productivity, offering valuable information for farmers, policymakers, and agricultural researchers.