Ukraine, the Middle East, and the West. By Thomas M. Prymak. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press 2021. xxxi, 306 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Illustrations. Plates. Photographs. $130.00 hard bound; $44.95 paper.

It is built from checkable properties of the record itself: whether the article has a DOI, how many independent sources confirmed its data, whether the required fields are filled in, and how recent the latest confirmation is. Disagreement between sources and a missing identifier lower it. A value of 80 or above means the record was published without further checking; 60 to 79 means it is published at reduced confidence, with a manual check advisable. A record verified by an editor by hand is never pushed below 90 by a recalculation. This scores our data about the article, not the article itself.