Abstract
In this chapter, we will learn that the molecular hallmarks of epigenomics are not only important for the identity of normal terminally differentiated cells, but also cancer cells and other diseased cells. A key reader of methylated DNA, MECP2, is an important component of the chromatin of brain cells. Mutations in the MECP2 gene are the basis of the autism spectrum disorder Rett syndrome. In addition, also histone acetylation levels in neurons contribute to the cell’s proper function. Since most of these epigenetic hallmarks are reversible, such as by the chemical inhibition of chromatin modifying enzymes, such as HDACs, the compounds can be used for cellular reprograming. This can serve as basis for the therapy of cancer, neurological, metabolic and immunological diseases.