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2020
It is built from checkable properties of the record itself: whether the article has a DOI, how many independent sources confirmed its data, whether the required fields are filled in, and how recent the latest confirmation is. Disagreement between sources and a missing identifier lower it. A value of 80 or above means the record was published without further checking; 60 to 79 means it is published at reduced confidence, with a manual check advisable. A record verified by an editor by hand is never pushed below 90 by a recalculation. This scores our data about the article, not the article itself.
This article explores the problem of the formation and development of the idea of a social state. The origins of the concept of a social state as a fair political system go back to ancient times. But the emergence of the very idea of a social state, in the first place, is associated with a new understanding of the functions of the state. This approach is most important for L. von Stein, whom the authors consider as one of the founders of the concept of a social state.