Abstract
The article discusses the causes and consequences of separation of Islam in different directions and schools, also analyzed the history of Islam in this aspect. The main reasons for separation of Islam on different mazhabs and directions considered not only with the historical position, also taken into account peculiarities of Islam as a religion, are disclosed the content of used by basic terms. As reflected and questions why, when the Prophet Muhammad was no division within Islam, shows socio-political reasons for the separation of Islam in different directions and trends.