Abstract
This article presents a population dataset of 27 Y- chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) loci obtained from 501 unrelated Uzbek males residing in southern Kazakhstan. Samples were collected from four geographic locations: Saryagash District (N = 79), Sayram District (N = 213), Taraz (N = 70), and Turkistan (N = 139). Genotyping was performed using the Yfiler™ Plus PCR Amplification Kit, and the resulting profiles were used to estimate haplotype frequencies, forensic parameters, and interpopulation genetic relationships. A total of 424 distinct haplotypes were identified, and summary diversity metrics were calculated for each regional group and for the pooled dataset. The overall haplotype diversity reached 0.9991, while discrimination capacity was 0.85. Allele frequency distributions for 23 single-copy loci and allele combination frequencies for multi-copy loci are provided, together with information on microvariants, null alleles, and copy number variations. Predicted haplogroup assignments derived from Y-STR haplotypes, AMOVA outputs, pairwise Rst matrices, median-joining networks, and multidimensional scaling plots based on overlapping marker sets for comparative populations, are included as part of the dataset. Haplogroup prediction based on Y-STR haplotypes showed that the paternal gene pool is mainly represented by haplogroups R1a (21.6%) and C2 (21.4%), followed by J2, R1b, N1, O2, and Q. These data expand the representation of Central Asian populations in forensic and population-genetic reference datasets and provide a resource for future studies of paternal lineage diversity, forensic reference data, interpopulation comparison, and comparative analyses of Y-chromosomal variation in Central Asia.