Abstract
Abstract Studying the spectrum of secondary particles at the Large Hadron Collider at energies equivalent to 1–100 PeV in the laboratory system, the scaling behavior of hadron spectra is observed. At the same energies, a number of effects incompatible with this behavior are observed in cosmic rays. In the spectrum of extensive air showers, a bend (knee) is observed at an energy of 3 PeV. According to the data of the large ionization calorimeter on the Tien Shan, the absorption length of hadron showers increases in the same energy region. In the hybrid HADRON experiment, there is a scaling violation in the spectrum of secondary hadrons and an abnormal excess of muons in proton showers. According to the data of X-ray emulsion chambers, events with halos appear in the knee area and the alignment in energy centers in gamma–hadron events is observed. Taking into account the LHC data, these anomalies should be explained by astrophysical reasons, i.e., changes in the composition of cosmic rays.