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2015
It is built from checkable properties of the record itself: whether the article has a DOI, how many independent sources confirmed its data, whether the required fields are filled in, and how recent the latest confirmation is. Disagreement between sources and a missing identifier lower it. A value of 80 or above means the record was published without further checking; 60 to 79 means it is published at reduced confidence, with a manual check advisable. A record verified by an editor by hand is never pushed below 90 by a recalculation. This scores our data about the article, not the article itself.
The paper analyzes the dynamics in standards of living in Kazakhstan for a number of recent years compared with those in Russia and Canada. Using an approach proposed by the authors, calculations on finding the optimal standard of living are made on the case of Kostanai oblast of Kazakhstan.