Architecture-Dependent Thermal Decomposition of RAFT-Modified Polypropylene Glycol Maleate-Acrylic Acid Copolymers: Results of TG–MS and Kinetic Analysis

Akmaral Zh. Sarsenbekova, Almagul S. Makhmutova, Meruyert S. Zhunissova, Nazigul S. Remetova, M. B. Isabaeva, Gulnissa K. Kurmantayeva, Mussa E. Zholdasbayev, Bibigul B. Ashirbekova

2026

Full text Open access: Gold Metadata (CSL-JSON)
DOI 10.3390/polym18131599
Data confidence 70 medium
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Abstract

The effect of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization on the structure, morphology, and thermal degradation behavior of polypropylene glycol maleate–acrylic acid copolymers (p-PGM:AA) was investigated using 2-cyano-2-propyl dodecyl trithiocarbonate (CPDT) as the RAFT agent. Copolymers synthesized at different CPDT concentrations were characterized by 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (TG–MS), isoconversional kinetic methods, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed a progressive decrease in the relative intensity of vinyl proton signals with increasing CPDT concentration, indicating enhanced conversion of unsaturated fragments during copolymerization. Alkaline hydrolysis followed by 1H NMR and GPC analysis of the degradation products confirmed cleavage of polyester segments and yielded low-molecular-weight fragments with Mn = 1370 g mol−1 and narrow dispersity (Đ = 1.035), providing additional information on the architecture of the vinyl-polymerized segments. Increasing CPDT concentration resulted in lower molecular weights and narrower molecular weight distributions of the soluble copolymer fractions. TEM analysis demonstrated broader domain size distributions and increased morphological heterogeneity in RAFT-modified samples, accompanied by an increase in swelling degree. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that RAFT-modified systems undergo multi-stage thermal degradation with the appearance of an additional low-temperature stage associated with thermolabile fragments. TG–MS revealed earlier evolution of CO2 and oxygen-containing species and changes in the distribution of volatile products. DFT calculations indicated a decrease in the HOMO–LUMO energy gap and suggested the participation of RAFT-derived fragments in the energetic characteristics of decarboxylation processes. Isoconversional and nonlinear kinetic analyses demonstrated increased kinetic heterogeneity for branched copolymer s synthesized at elevated CPDT concentrations, whereas cross-linked systems exhibited more uniform degradation behavior. The combined experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that RAFT polymerization provides an effective route for tuning the macromolecular architecture, morphology, and thermal degradation pathways of p-PGM:AA copolymers.