Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the adaptive responses of the cardiorespiratory and psychophysiological systems in young athletes of various specializations. The research assessed functional indicators of external respiration, cardiovascular activity, cognitive status, and anxiety levels, taking into account age, somatotype, training experience, and sport profile. The study involved adolescent males engaged in mini-football, volleyball, swimming, boxing, and track and field. It was found that athletes with long-term training experience demonstrated significantly higher values of vital lung capacity, minute ventilation, and ventilatory power, indicating a well-developed respiratory adaptation. Psychophysiological testing revealed statistically significant advantages in memory, attention, and stress resilience among trained participants (p<0.05). Special attention was given to the diagnosis and prevention of overtraining syndrome, which manifests through reduced ventilatory efficiency, autonomic imbalance, emotional instability, and signs of functional exhaustion. A direct relationship was established between the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system and the level of long-term adaptation to specific muscular activity. As a promising direction for future research, the study proposes investigating the role of myokines – biologically active molecules synthesized by muscle tissue – as potential markers of adaptation, recovery, and overtraining. Their integration into diagnostic protocols may enhance the accuracy of functional assessments in athletes. The findings of this study can be applied in sports medicine to develop individualized training programs, guide athlete selection, and monitor the physiological condition of young athletes.