Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study examined the metabolic, oxidative, immunological, and histomorphological effects of the multicomponent fermented biological product derived from camel milk, Inullact-Fito, in comparison to metformin in a rat model of alloxan-induced diabetes resulting from insulin insufficiency. The model was chosen as an experimental system that replicates pancreatic β-cell damage induced by oxidative stress rather than insulin resistance. Methods: Alloxan-induced diabetes was used to evaluate metabolic, oxidative, immunological, and histomorphological alterations. Metformin was utilized as a pharmacological comparator. Blood glucose levels, circulating insulin concentrations, markers of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, immunoglobulin levels, CD4+/CD8+ T cell balance, and pancreatic histostructure were assessed. Results: Alloxan administration led to substantial hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, immunological imbalance, and structural damage to pancreatic tissue. Following therapy with Inullact-Fito, blood glucose levels reduced dramatically (from 21.9 ± 0.22 to 9.85 ± 0.10 mmol/L, p < 0.05), circulating insulin concentrations were largely corrected, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation markers decreased. Immunological evaluation revealed decreased serum immunoglobulin M and IgG levels (p < 0.05) and partial normalization of the CD4+/CD8+ T cell balance. Metformin showed comparative effects; however, its activity in this model is limited by its primary mechanism related to insulin resistance. Conclusions: Overall, the data reveal that Inullact-Fito combines metabolic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory actions under experimental oxidative and metabolic stress conditions. Further research using models of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, as well as long-term clinical trials, is needed to fully evaluate the therapeutic potential, safety profile, and translational importance of this fermented dairy product as a functional nutritional intervention.