Abstract
The results of comprehensive ground-space monitoring of geodynamic processes in the area of the former Mirgalimsay deposit (Kentau, Kazakhstan) are presented. The objective of the study is to develop a monitoring and early warning system for hazardous surface deformations under conditions of mine flooding and changes in the hydrogeological regime. Monitoring was carried out using static GNSS measurements (41 benchmarks) and multi-temporal interferometric analysis of archival Sentinel-1 radar images using Persistent Scatterer (PS) and Intermittent Small Baseline Subset (ISBAS) methods. This integrated approach enabled the production of a spatially continuous surface displacement map with millimeter-level accuracy. According to InSAR data, subsidence of up to 12 mm/year (mainly in the western and southwestern parts of the area) and uplift of up to 7 mm/year were identified; the subsidence zone covers less than 20% of the city. GNSS measurements conducted in 2019�2020 (4 observation campaigns) recorded local displacements of up to 16 mm/year. Benchmarks with subsidence greater than 5 mm were evenly distributed throughout the city, indicating multiple causes of deformation (not limited to mine flooding). It is demonstrated that the integration of ground-based and satellite methods improves the accuracy and reliability of monitoring, enabling the timely identification of hazardous subsidence zones and enhancing the prediction of geodynamic processes to mitigate adverse impacts. The need for a unified system for processing heterogeneous monitoring data is substantiated.