Abstract
This study represents the comprehensive description of whole-genome data from Kazakh horse types Zhabe, Adai, and the Mugalzhar breed. Genome sequencing was performed using the BGI platform, and the resulting data were aligned to the EquCab3.0 reference horse genome. The analysis revealed a large number of genetic variants, indicating a high level of genetic diversity in the studied populations. After filtering, a total of 73,403 variants were identified, with the majority located in intronic regions (20,876), as well as in untranslated regions (3'UTR and 5'UTR). Most of these were single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), while insertions and deletions (Indels) were significantly less frequent. Functional annotation showed that the variants were associated with 7,642 genes. Of particular interest are the SWT1, PPFIA1, SHROOM2, ANOS1, OR4D10, USP25, and ZNF74genes, each containing over 100 variants. These genes are presumed to play important roles in metabolism, endurance, reproduction, olfaction, immune response, and gene expression regulation. GO term enrichment analysisindicated that the identified genes are involved in signal transduction and transcriptional regulation, which may be related to environmental adaptation and the development of specific phenotypic traits. The results provide a valuable resource for furtherresearch on the adaptive potential of Kazakh horse breeds, as well as for the development of effective conservation and breeding strategies