Abstract
Treatment of patients with fractures of the proximal humerus remains an urgent problem of modern traumatology and orthopedics. The most commonly used methods of fracture fixation are extramedullary fixation with a locking plate and intramedullary fixation with a rod. However, as many experts report, osteosynthesis with a blocking plate often causes the development of aseptic necrosis of the head of the humerus, pseudoarthrosis, and screw migration. The results of intramedullary, including antegrade, osteosynthesis with nails of the first and second generations showed a high level of complications, especially iatrogenic damage to the tendons of the rotator cuff of the shoulder. In this regard, promising studies make it possible to improve implants for both external and intraosseous osteosynthesis of complex fractures of the proximal humerus.The purpose of this work is to study implants for extramedullary and intramedullary osteosynthesis of tracheal fractures.Analysis of literature sources indexed in the Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Lilacs and Cuiden databases, devoted to the study of the method of extramedullary and intramedullary osteosynthesis of tracheal fractures.In the literature review, we structured implants for intramedullary osteosynthesis of fractures of the proximal humerus based on their advantages and fixation properties.Conclusions. The problem of choosing the optimal implant for fixing fractures of a given localization will continue to be discussed among specialists. Further study of this issue will allow researchers to identify the main problems in the treatment of fractures and note promising areas of surgical treatment of such injuries.Key words: fracture, humerus, osteosynthesis, extramedullary osteosynthesis, intramedullary osteosynthesis, metal structure