Abstract
This article examines the evolving political relationship between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Gulf Arab states in the context of regional instability and global multipolarity. Focusing on the period from 2011 to 2025, the study analyzes the structural drivers of conflict and cooperation, including sectarian divisions, geopolitical rivalries, and strategic realignments. Special attention is given to Iran’s influence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen through proxy actors, as well as its confrontation with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The research also explores the role of external powers – namely, the United States, China, and Russia – in reshaping the regional order and evaluates the impact of initiatives such as the “Shiite Crescent” and China’s Belt and Road. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative approach combining geopolitical and institutional analysis. The findings reveal a cyclical pattern of confrontation and pragmatic engagement, driven by internal regime dynamics and global power shifts. The article concludes by outlining possible future scenarios for Iran–Arab relations in the Persian Gulf and beyond.