Abstract
Osteoporosis, a metabolic disorder distinguished by decreased bone density and degradation of bone tissue microarchitecture, is a silent disease that evolves without any clinical symptoms or signs. An individual may not be aware of osteoporosis until a fracture occurs. The lifetime risk of osteoporosis is estimated to be between 10 and 20%. The disease can have intrinsic causes, such as genetic predisposition, aging, and lack of sex hormones. However, it can also occur secondary to calcium and vitamin D deficiencies due to the influence of various factors. With a global increase in osteoporotic fractures, there is a need for macro-level and micro-level interventions to prevent and treat osteoporosis and its complications. This review highlights the crucial role of various biomolecules in diagnosing and managing osteoporosis and emphasizes the importance of further research in the field.