Abstract
The global transition toward low-carbon energy systems has intensified interest in green hydrogen as a key enabler of deep decarbonization, particularly in sectors in which direct electrification remains challenging. Despite the rapid growth of scientific and policy-oriented literature, existing studies often address hydrogen production technologies, market development, cost evolution, and policy frameworks in isolation, which limits a holistic understanding of green hydrogen deployment pathways. This paper aims to bridge this gap by providing an integrated and analytical review of green hydrogen across technological, economic, and market dimensions. The study systematically compares major electrolysis technologies-alkaline, proton exchange membrane, and solid oxide electrolyzers-in terms of operating conditions, efficiency, maturity, and suitability for renewable energy integration. It further examines hydrogen storage and transport options, global market trends, trade routes, exporters and importers, and cost trajectories up to 2050. Key findings indicate that declining renewable electricity costs, electrolyzer scaling, and supportive policy instruments are converging to significantly improve the competitiveness of green hydrogen. However, infrastructure limitations, regulatory fragmentation, and investment risks remain critical barriers to large-scale deployment. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive integration of technological performance, cost dynamics, market formation, and policy frameworks within a single analytical framework. By connecting these interdependent dimensions, the paper provides actionable insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers, supporting strategic decision-making for the accelerated and sustainable deployment of green hydrogen in the global energy transition.