Abstract
Abiotic stress factors, including drought and salinity, severely limit crop productivity worldwide. Furthermore, the extensive use of herbicides, such as glyphosate, disrupts beneficial soil microbiota, further impairing crop growth. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) represent a sustainable and efficient strategy to enhance crop yields, particularly under unfavorable environmental and soil conditions. In this study, we characterized Paenibacillus sp. JSM-10, newly isolated from glyphosate-exposed agricultural soil, for its stress tolerance and plant growth-promoting potential, including its morphology examined using complementary microscopy techniques. The strain tolerated up to 0.5 g/L glyphosate, 15 g/L NaCl, and 100 g/L polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) without significant growth inhibition (p > 0.05), demonstrating robust resilience to such multiple abiotic stresses. Beyond its tolerance, the strain exhibited several beneficial characteristics, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis, siderophore production, and inorganic phosphate solubilization. Furthermore, both living cells and culture filtrates of JSM-10 exhibited a positive trend toward enhancing buckwheat growth under normal and saline conditions, with effect sizes ranging from Hedges’ g = 0.56−0.92. In addition, JSM-10 exhibited antagonistic activity against a range of pathogenic microorganisms, including Nigrospora oryzae, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Alternaria spp., and Escherichia coli. Altogether, these characteristics highlight the Paenibacillus sp. JSM-10 strain and its culture filtrates as promising candidates for application in organic farming aimed at promoting plant growth and improving stress tolerance via plant–microbe interactions.