Abstract
Anaemia remains a global public health challenge, characterized by low haemoglobin levels or reduced red blood cell count, leading to impaired oxygen delivery to tissues. It disproportionately affects vulnerable groups, including young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and those of menstruating age. In 2023, global anaemia prevalence affected 30.7% of women aged 15–49 and 39.8% of children aged 6– 59 months. Major aetiologies include nutritional deficiencies (particularly iron, folate, and vitamin B12), infections, chronic diseases, inherited haemoglobin disorders, and chronic inflammation. Anaemia contributes significantly to maternal and child mortality, impaired cognitive and physical development in children, and reduced productivity in adults, perpetuating social and economic burdens. Although the World Health Organization advocates multi-sectoral strategies—such as dietary diversification, micronutrient supplementation, and addressing underlying determinants like infectious diseases and gender inequities—global progress remains insufficient to meet the 2030 target of a 50% reduction in anaemia prevalence. This review synthesizes current evidence on the prevalence, causes, and clinical consequences of iron deficiency and anaemia, with a focus on maternal and child populations. By analysing data from WHO, UNICEF, and peer-reviewed literature, we examine the biological role of iron, impacts of deficiency on health outcomes, and evolving intervention strategies. Special emphasis is placed on updated haemoglobin cut-offs, nutritional guidelines, and regional epidemiological trends—including data from Central Asia and low-income countries—to inform future public health initiatives and clinical practice aimed at reducing the global burden of anaemia.