Abstract
One of the most challenging aspects of designing a humanoid robot is ensuring stable walking. To achieve this, the kinematic architecture must support 3D motion and maintain equilibrium, particularly during single-foot support. Without proper configuration, the robot may experience unbalanced weight distribution, significantly increasing the risk of falling while walking. While adding redundant degrees of freedom (DOFs) can enhance adaptability, it also raises the system’s complexity and cost and the need for more sophisticated control strategies and higher energy consumption. This paper explores a reduced-DOF bipedal robot, which, despite its limited number of DOFs, is capable of performing 3D motion. It features an inverted pendulum and elastic ankles made of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), enabling effective balance control and attenuation of disturbances. The robot’s electromechanical design is introduced alongside the kinematic model. Momentum equilibrium in a pseudo-static mode is considered in both the frontal and sagittal planes, taking into account the pendulum and the swinging leg during the single support phase. The TPU ankle’s performance is assessed based on its ability to resist external bending forces, highlighting challenges related to the robot’s weight equilibrium stability and ankle inversion. Experimental results from both Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and real-world tests are compared. Lastly, the joint movements of the inverted pendulum-based biped robot are evaluated in both a virtual environment and a physical prototype while performing lateral tilting and various gait sequences.