Abstract
prone to such economic downturns, resulting in economic stagnation (Roselli 2012, Badia-Miro-Ducoing 2014).Additionally, Cole-Ohanian (2002) recognised a reduction in weekly working hours as a critical feature of sectoral economic stagnation.In 1929, the unemployment rate was particularly high in coal-producing areas such as Northern England (12,9 %) and Wales (18,8 %).As a result, one of the main causes of Great Britain's sectoral downturn was increased unemployment, which pushed manufacturing and output to the second place (Cole-Ohanian 2002).Depressive development results from a region's post-crisis development.Depression is defined as a reduction in economic activities.Furthermore, the social indicators of the study region are deteriorating.Compared to other parts of the country, the statistics for the considered region reflect a decline in economic activity (Dulova 2011).Depressive development is difficult to predict because it is conditional.However, they identified risk sensitivity, social reactions, and physical aspects as components of vulnerability.As a result, a depressed region experiences a long period of economic stagnation due to a period of economic recession. Vulnerability of settlementsVulnerability is recognised as a major cause of rural land degradation.Vulnerability is the response of a region to various environmental and socioeconomic challenges in some cases (Villa-McLeod 2002, Beroya-Eitner 2016, Dudek-Sedefoğlu 2019).This explains why a broad strategy for understanding and assessing a region's risk is unachievable.However, according to Wisner (2002), vulnerability is the outcome of a region's or settlement's inability to recover from a particular economic collapse, which is seen as inadequate development.In contrast, it also discusses the settlement's ability to adapt to innovation or change (Birkmann 2007).Rural areas are prone to various economic development processes.This may be either rapid progress or an economic downturn.Rural studies have gone through a development process, mostly concerned with land issues, such as agriculture, until 1950.The focus of rural studies widened rather than switched later in the 1970s.Employment, housing, leisure activities, and other aspects of rural development were all considered.Rural studies in the early 1990s have focused on the socioeconomic development of rural areas.The threat of urbanisation and increasing growth in agriculture have prompted this development.Graymore et al. (2008), for example, researched the notion of sustainability assessment that can be used to identify key categories of vulnerabilities.Population health, environmental pollution or the state, education, natural resource utilisation, and infrastructure are all aspects of well-being.Employment, population, education, culture, urbanisation, transportation, resource consumption, and other socioeconomic factors influence the quality of life.Ecosystem health measures the availability of natural resources such as air, land, water, and ecosystems.One of the