Abstract
The technique of sand or stone columns is widely used to improve the load carrying capacity and reduce the settlement of soft soils. The technique consists of excavating holes of specific dimensions and arrangement in the soft soil and backfilling them with either stone or sand particles. The efficiency of the technique depends primarily on the type of the backfill material (sand or stone) and gradation as well as the placement relative density. In the present research, holes 50 mm in diameter and 300 mm in length were excavated in a bed of soft soil, 400 mm in thickness, of undrained shear strength between 16-19 kPa. The holes were backfilled with either sand or stone particles at loose and dense states. Each column was loaded gradually through a circular rigid footing 64.6 mm in diameter up to failure with continuous monitoring of the settlement. The outcomes of the model tests revealed that for both floating and end bearing types, the sand columns at low relative density exhibited higher bearing improvement ratios and lower settlement reduction ratios compared to stone columns. On the other hand, a reverse behavior was noticed, when the backfill material was placed at "dense state". The results shed the light on the importance of placement relative density of both backfill materials. The results are thoroughly analyzed in terms of the stress concentration ratio and stiffness ratio