Abstract
Mercury (Hg2+) contamination in water systems poses a severe environmental and health hazard due to its high toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. In this study, a novel adsorbent was developed by sequentially modifying kaolin via acid–base treatment, titanium dioxide (TiO2) incorporation, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) grafting. Batch adsorption experiments revealed that the fully modified kaolin (TiO2-loaded and APTES grafted) exhibited the highest adsorption capacity (25.6 mg/g) compared to the acid–base-treated (5.8 mg/g) and TiO2-loaded (17.7 mg/g) kaolin. Under optimal conditions (75 mg adsorbent dosage; 70 mg/L Hg2+; pH 5), the fully modified kaolin maintained its performance even in the presence of varying ionic strengths, natural organic matter, and competing metal ions. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, and the equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm. Antibacterial activity assay revealed that the TiO2-loaded kaolin effectively inhibited S. aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration = 2.5 mg/mL) and showed moderate activity against E. coli (BL21) (minimum inhibitory concentration = 5 mg/mL). However, antibacterial activity decreased after amine functionalization, indicating a compromise between enhancing adsorption capacity and preserving antibacterial functionality. This study presents a promising cost-efficient approach for the simultaneous removal of Hg2+ ions from water matrices and inhibiting bacterial growth, aligning with SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation).