Abstract
The ceramic membrane surfaces coated with cysteic acid were tested for efficacy and the fouling rate at constant crossflow velocities (CFV) and two transmembrane pressures (TMP). The crossflow mode was used during the filtration process to enable the membranes to perform for longer periods. The calculated variability and substance rejection were used to determine the performance of the membranes. In addition, cleaning in situ (CIP) was performed on the membranes to ensure that the flux recovery process was executed smoothly after each run. The current study uses ceramic microfiltration membranes to investigate the effectiveness of a 2600-ppm calcium carbonate solution and 260-ppm 4-nitrophenol extraction/removal from water samples. The concentrations of Ca2+ ions of the distinct concentration samples were reduced by 89–96% by non-coating and coating ceramic microfiltration membranes for a three-hour reaction time. At the end of the run, the concentration of the solution was at a TMP of 0.20 MPa with an efficiency of about 99.5% at t = 160 min with a sustainable flux.