Abstract
The problem of the growing shortage of water resources in the world, including in the territory of South-East Kazakhstan, due to global warming and aggravated by long distances to natural sources of good quality water, requires the combined use of surface water and groundwater from local aquifers to supply the local population with high-quality drinking water. The application of methods of artificial groundwater spreading can be an effective way only if positive characteristics of soil and soil parameters of the aeration zone and productive aquifers are obtained in the processes of infiltration and colmatation, which are one of the decisive indicators for ensuring productivity and duration of operation of infiltration basins in the given mode. This work presents the main results of complex field studies of the processes of infiltration and colmatation in infiltration mini-basins at pilot sites within the Aksu, Lepsy and Koksu river valleys, taken as typical for the territory of South-Eastern Kazakhstan, which most needs to increase the water supply of rural population settlements and remote pastures. These studies were supplemented by a detailed assessment of the water-physical, hydrodynamic and filtration properties of the overburden and the upper layers of the aquifer. The new data showed that the infiltration rate varied from 15 m/day at the beginning to 0.75 m/day at the end and remained practically unchanged by the end of the experiment. This was largely facilitated by the values of the heterogeneity coefficient of the granulometric composition of all the examined soils obtained during the studies, which did not exceed 3.0 due to the uniform distribution of coarse fractions and a small proportion of loams and sandy loams. Approximately one month after the start of the tests, a colmatation layer began to be generated at the bottom of the mini-ponds, the thickness of which by the end of the test reached from 3 mm for clay silt to 6 mm for silty clay. However, as studies have shown, the generation of a colmatation layer due to the settling of suspended particles of surface water did not significantly impact on the infiltration processes, as evidenced by the rated values of specific flow rates, which in the final period of time ranged from 0.86 to 0.75-0.80 m3/day per square meter of reduced infiltration surface. Thus, the generated positive results of field studies can serve as a factual basis for design, and can also be recommended and accepted as design indicators both at the stage of a feasibility study and at the stage of detailed design of artificial groundwater spreading systems without additional labor-intensive and costly survey works, and the approved methodology for their implementation will be useful when conducting similar studies in other regions.