Abstract
Landfill leachate, especially when produced in old municipal solid waste landfills, is a challenging type of wastewater which contains a variety of toxic substances. The existence of pollutants in the landfill leachate is primarily due to inadequate solid waste separation at the source. Pretreatment on site is a must for the landfill leachate to be safely released into the environment. One-step treatment is insufficient since landfill leachate has a complex composition that spatially and temporally varies. Often, the landfill leachate and municipal wastewater are treated together. Biological treatment is a routine technique which is applied to landfill leachate less than five years old. The concentration of easily biodegradable organic matter in the young landfill leachate declines with time and, as a result, the application of physical and chemical treatment processes is required. The goal of the current work is to investigate the usefulness and capability of the most efficient and widely available technique/s for landfill leachate treatment, to identify the main challenges and strengths of each technology and seek the optimum solution.