Abstract
This study advances mass rearing, encapsulation, and field application technologies for the entomophages Trichogramma spp.and Habrobracon hebetor in the biological control of tomato lepidopteran pests.Optimized temperature and humidity regimes reduced developmental time from 9.2 to 7.5 days for Trichogramma and from 10.2 to 8.3 days for H. hebetor, while improving adult viability and fecundity.A three-level Edge -Fog -Cloud microclimate monitoring system was developed to enable real-time control of key environmental parameters.For the first time, biodegradable PLA capsules produced by three dimensional printing were applied for entomophage delivery, ensuring complete preservation of individuals during mechanized release.Among the tested designs, optimal capsule models achieved 100% host colonization, effective parasitism, and structural stability when released from a height of 3 m.Field trials in the Turkestan and Almaty