Abstract
Polysaccharide-conjugated nanocomposites have emerged as a pivotal class of hybrid materials, bridging natural macromolecular science with advanced coordination chemistry to address biomedical and environmental challenges. This review systematically explores the tailoring of interfaces between renewable polysaccharides such as chitosan, alginate, cellulose, starch, and pullulan and various nanoparticles, including metals, metal oxides, and carbon-based structures. In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, a rigorous systematic search was conducted across ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar, resulting in the analysis of 182 relevant full-text articles published between 1987 and 2026. We examine the fundamental coordination mechanisms, including electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and covalent coupling, that govern the stability, morphology, and synergistic behavior of these composites. The manuscript highlights how reactive surface groups (-OH, -NH 2 , -COOH) facilitate precise structural modifications for targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, and stimuli-responsive cargo release. Furthermore, we detail their efficacy in environmental bioremediation, specifically for heavy-metal adsorption and the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants. A significant focus is placed on green synthesis approaches and the recent integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to optimize formulation ratios and predict material performance. Advanced fabrication techniques, including 3D bioprinting and electrospinning, are discussed as pathways to enhance scalability and mimic the extracellular matrix. By addressing challenges such as nanoparticle toxicity and production costs, this review provides a roadmap for developing sustainable, next-generation functional materials within the framework of modern coordination chemistry.