Abstract
This article examines the problem of improving the reliability of high‑voltage substations, particularly 500 kV facilities, which are critical elements of the energy infrastructure of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The operational features of such substations and typical emergency situations – including short circuits, circuit breaker failures, overheating of connections, and insulation breakdowns – have been analyzed. Statistical data provided by the system operator KEGOC indicate an increase in the number of technological disturbances, especially under conditions of equipment wear and growing load on the power system. Based on the obtained data, the need to develop an intelligent diagnostic system capable of detecting the development of emergency states in real time has been substantiated. The study presents a classification of emergencies, a review of modern diagnostic methods, and the concept of building a hybrid monitoring system integrated with SCADA digital platforms and relay protection devices. Special attention is given to the analysis of existing domestic and international solutions and the identification of their limitations in the context of the Kazakhstani power system. The results of the research are aimed at creating a scientific and practical basis for the implementation of digital solutions in the energy sector and reducing the risks of technological disturbances.