Integration of a Photovoltaic Subsystem and a Digital Twin in the Power Supply System of Bakery Production

Gulshat A. Amirkhanova, Murat Kunelbayev, Alina Raeva, Bauyrzhan Amirkhanov, Alikhan Amirkhanov

2026

Data confidence 70 medium

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Abstract

This study addresses the integration of a photovoltaic (PV) subsystem and a digital twin into the power supply system of bakery production. A four-level architecture is proposed, comprising a physical level, a data acquisition level, an analytical level implemented as a digital twin, and a control level. A low-power stand-alone PV installation that supplies sensors, telemetry units, controllers, and lighting is examined, and its daily operating cycle is analyzed. The PV output power varies from 10 W in the early morning to 300 W at midday, whereas the auxiliary load ranges from 120 to 160 W; the battery state of charge reaches 95–96% in the afternoon. Solar generation fully covers the auxiliary demand between 09:00 and 16:00 and supplies 77.0% of the daily auxiliary energy, with the remainder being provided by the battery storage (18.4%) and the external grid (4.6%). The proposed approach increases the transparency of energy processes and provides a basis for the intelligent management of the auxiliary energy infrastructure of bakery enterprises.