Current Limitations and Unresolved Challenges

Nadiar M. Mussin, Amin Tamadon

2026

Full text Open access: Hybrid Metadata (CSL-JSON)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-032-36437-1_11
Data confidence 70 medium
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Abstract

This chapter critically examines current limitations and unresolved challenges in MSC–EV research and translation. It highlights issues related to biological heterogeneityBiological heterogeneity, standardization, dosing uncertaintyDosing uncertainty, delivery barriers, and safety concerns. Quantitative evidence from recent studies is used to illustrate variability and reproducibility challenges. The chapter proposes research priorities and practical strategies to address these limitations and advance the field toward clinical maturity.