Abstract
Introduction. Climate change is one of the development issues. Carbon neutrality principles to mitigate the impact of human activities on climate change by controlling carbon dioxide emissions aim to create critical and innovative technologies by replacing non-renewable energy sources with renewable energy sources. In this context, lithium-ion energy storage systems are currently playing a key role in reducing carbon emissions worldwide due to their long lifespan and high efficiency. The uneven distribution of Li resources along with the growing demand have prompted the world to explore, mine and produce lithium. In recent years, the lithium industry has reached new heights as many countries have increased lithium production for batteries in addition to switching to renewable energy sources. Materials and methods. The paper reviews methods for extracting lithium from water lithium resources with relatively low lithium content, such as solvent extraction, adsorption, membrane technologies, electrochemical methods and/or a combination of these. These technologies show certain potential for sustainable recovery of Li+ from low Li+ concentration water solutions or seawater. However, further research and development are needed to scale up laboratory experiments to commercial production. Results and discussion. The analysis of published scientific papers, the relatively low lithium content (from 7 to 55 mg / l) in the studied Kazakh hydromineral springs, even with large volumes of extraction of such waters, indicates the need for more advanced approaches, optimization of technologies, creation of new materials for sustainable and efficient production of lithium compounds. Conclusions. Extracting lithium from aqueous solutions with low lithium concentrations, while technically feasible, is often not economically feasible due to the high cost and complexity of the process. Developing and optimizing technologies and new materials could lead to more sustainable and efficient lithium extraction, which is essential for the production of lithium-ion batteries and other products.