Abstract
Relevance: The effectiveness of cervical cancer prevention is still limited by incomplete screening coverage among socially vulnerable groups and women who have not previously participated in the survey. Self-collection of a vaginal sample for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing reduces barriers associated with clinical sampling, but its effectiveness depends on the validity of the test system and the triage of positive results. The study aimed to summarize current data on diagnostic effectiveness, the introduction of HPV self-sampling, and to propose a model for Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods: This structured narrative review included publications, regulatory sources, and literature lists from January 2021 to July 2026 and indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE. Results: When using clinically validated PCR tests, the total sensitivity of CIN2+ detection is 89.7% for self-taken vaginal samples and 92.9% for samples taken by a healthcare professional. Direct mailing provides the greatest increase in participation, and a closed loop of support is necessary to prevent losses after a positive test. Conclusion: Self-sampling should be implemented as an additional organized route with registration, selection of a validated devicetest pair, information, and guaranteed triage. A step-by-step model is optimal for Kazakhstan, focusing primarily on the underserved, overstayed, and rural women.