Abstract
Relevance. Milk provision to employees exposed to hazardous working conditions remains a large-scale social guarantee in Kazakhstan. However, a universal food product does not account for differences in toxicant properties, exposure intensity, occupational risk, nutritional status, or individual contraindications. Objective. To formulate a two-component framework for risk-oriented occupational nutrition that preserves workers’ statutory and contractual guarantees, and to specify its implementation and evaluation requirements. Materials and Methods. This was a critical secondary documentary analysis and conceptual policy study, not a systematic review. The documentary corpus comprised statistical, regulatory, organizational, economic and biomedical materials available to the authors, together with accessible public primary sources used to verify legal and statistical claims. No comprehensive bibliographic search, formal study-selection flow or risk-of-bias assessment was undertaken. Narrative synthesis distinguished externally reported observations, authors’ arithmetic calculations and conceptual proposals. Results. The analysis produced a two-component framework linking preservation of existing guarantees with exposure-specific nutritional assessment and product evaluation. It specified a staged decision process covering exposure characterization, individual suitability, product documentation, worker participation and controlled evaluation. Official statistics record 325,429 recipients of milk or equivalent products in the surveyed enterprise population in 2025. Organizational material identifies implementation issues, while the economic analysis specifies the inputs required for a reproducible future full-cost comparison. Incomplete enterprise documentation limits assessment of implementation outcomes. Historical biomonitoring values attributed to the Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company were excluded from quantitative analysis because the original report and essential methodological information were unavailable. Conclusions. The framework provides a structured basis for developing and testing differentiated occupational nutrition while maintaining mandatory provision. It links legal guarantees with requirements for product selection and evaluation. Preventive efficacy, safety, acceptability and cost-effectiveness require prospective assessment.