Multiple Labor Market Equilibria: National and Gender Analysis in the Context of Corporate Social Responsibility

László Vasa, Gaukhar K. Kenzhegulova, Yerkezhan Kenzheali

2026

Full text Open access: Gold Metadata (CSL-JSON)
DOI 10.61093/bel.10(3).195-222.2026
Data confidence 70 medium
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Abstract

Gender-specific labor market equilibria are relevant to corporate social responsibility (CSR), gender equality, and responsible employment practices because equilibrium patterns may differ between women and men. This study aimed to identify multiple empirically supported labor demand–labor supply (LD–LS) index intersections in the Kazakhstan labor market at the national and gender levels and to determine their model-based local stability. The study covered 2011–2024 and used official national statistics to construct separate national, female, and male labor demand and labor supply models. The quantitative framework combined linear detrending, min–max normalization, standardization, objective weighting using the method based on the removal effects of criteria (MEREC), robustness weighting using the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method, linear, quadratic, and cubic specifications, leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV), rolling-origin validation, numerical identification of LD–LS intersections, and derivative-based local stability assessment. The two weighting methods produced strongly consistent indices, with Spearman rank correlations of 0.7582–1.0000 and Kendall rank correlations of 0.6044–1.0000. At the national level, the cubic labor-demand specification achieved LOOCV coefficients of determination of 0.8854 and 0.9043 under the two methods, whereas the best national labor-supply value was 0.2229 for the quadratic primary-weighting specification. Both nonlinear specifications identified two empirically supported LD–LS index intersections at all three levels. Under the primary weighting method, the cubic national equilibria were 119,658.1 and 286,685.2 Kazakhstani tenge, and the female equilibria were 94,406.5 and 225,893.3 Kazakhstani tenge, with the lower equilibrium stable and the upper equilibrium unstable; the male equilibria were 142,588.5 and 348,418.4 Kazakhstani tenge with the opposite stability pattern. The robustness weighting method preserved the same number and stability pattern of equilibria. Excluding wage-derived national labor-supply predictors did not alter these classifications, and leave-one-year-out analysis preserved the number and local stability of intersections in all national and male models; female root-count preservation ranged from 0.8571 to 1.0000, with local stability preserved in all but one specification. The fitted LD–LS relationships therefore indicate multiple model-implied equilibrium configurations with different gender-specific stability regimes. Rolling-origin validation nevertheless showed weak out-of-time predictive performance, particularly for gender-specific models. The findings provide a quantitative basis for further research on CSR, gender equality, equal employment opportunities, and responsible employment practices.