Lifestyle and Dietary Factors Associated with Bone Mineral Density among University Faculty Members in Kazakhstan

Aigul Kozhakhmetova, Arailym Beisbekova, Gulstan Khassenova, Azhar Zhexenova, Maigul Tolepbergenova, Ardak Chuyenbekova, Ainur K. Tekmanova, Elmira Kussaiynova, İndrani Kalkan

2026

Full text Open access: Gold Metadata (CSL-JSON)
DOI 10.3329/bjms.v25i4.93746
Data confidence 70 medium
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Abstract

Objective This study was aimed to assess the relationship between lifestyle and dietary factors with bone mineral density (BMD) among faculty members of Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, with a focus on identifying modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional survey, including 100 faculty members (basic sciences department n=50, clinical science department n=50 ) over the age of 40, was conducted using a 30-item questionnaire assessing knowledge and behaviors related to bone health. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using the SONOST-3000 ultrasonic osteometer at the calcaneus. Demographic information, dietary, and lifestyle factors were recorded. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, χ² tests, Spearman’s correlation, and Cramér’s V, with significance level set at p ≤ 0.05. Results and Discussion Normal BMD was observed in 46% of basic sciences and 38% of clinical science faculty members, while low BMD was identified in 54% and 62%, respectively. Age was negatively associated with BMD in both groups (r = –0.26 to –0.39, p < 0.05). Among basic sciences faculty members, lower frequency of fermented dairy consumption was linked to decreased BMD (Cramér’s V = 0.34), and reduced BMD correlated with higher fracture incidence (V = 0.37). In clinical science faculty members, low seafood intake (V = 0.31), high coffee consumption (V = 0.52), and smoking (V = 0.35) were significantly associated with reduced BMD and higher prevalence of osteopenia or osteoporosis. These findings support previous evidence on the protective role of calcium-rich and vitamin D–containing foods, and the adverse effects of caffeine and smoking on bone health. Conclusion The study highlights the critical role of nutrition and lifestyle in maintaining bone mineral density. Preventive strategies emphasizing fermented dairy and seafood consumption, reduced caffeine intake, and smoking cessation may help mitigate osteoporosis risk among university faculty and broader populations. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 25 No. 04 October'26 Page: 1124-1133