Abstract
An analysis has been carried out of the frequency of oil and oil waste spills in the Caspian Sea over the last 50–55 years, using satellite monitoring. The results of numerous studies indicate that the cause of oil spills is the wear and corrosion of oil pipelines. According to the research presented in this article, both anthropogenic and natural oil spills are observed in the Caspian Sea. The article highlights the potentially dangerous consequences of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) leaks within the Kazakh sector of the Caspian Sea. It emphasizes that water and air pollution resulting from such leaks can lead to the death of marine organisms, a decline in biodiversity and the destruction of ecosystems. Particular attention is paid to the vulnerability of the Caspian Sea, whose ecosystem is already under pressure from industrial activity. It is noted that H₂S leaks can disrupt fish reproduction, damage fisheries and negatively affect the health of people living near the fields. There is a need for sustainable engineering solutions and materials to ensure the safety and durability of pipelines at the Kashagan field, which is characterised by extreme operating conditions (aggressive environment, high concentrations of hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, high pressures). A key solution is the use of bimetallic pipes with a corrosion-resistant inner layer, as well as composite materials to enhance corrosion resistance. Particular attention is paid to welding technologies that prevent the formation of microcracks, and to the heat treatment of pipes to eliminate residual stresses. The use of innovative methods for monitoring and diagnosing the condition of infrastructure, including remote monitoring systems and automated control systems, is emphasised to ensure safety and minimise the risk of leaks.