Abstract
The article explores specific penological and legal aspects related to the living conditions of women isolated from society for committed crimes. In this regard, it addresses the implementation of international UN instruments outlining the requirements for the adequate existence of women deprived of their liberty. Furthermore, it examines the integration of these international recommendations into the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan governing the execution of criminal penalties and the treatment of offenders. Within this context, and based on the analysis of empirical data, the author reveals specific socio-typological characteristics of convicted women and analyzes their proportion within the penitentiary institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan’s criminal executive system. Particular attention is paid to the structure of female criminality and the distribution of female inmates based on the degree of social danger of their offenses. In addition, the study investigates the conditions of detention for convicted women with young children, noting that the resolution of these issues largely determines the protection of the interests of children whose mothers are incarcerated, as well as the overall success of the women’s resocialization. Against the backdrop of the identified socio-typological traits, the author assesses the gender component of the Criminal Executive Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study concludes that there is a factual lack of adequate gender reflection within the Code, which fails to align with international UN standards for the treatment of female prisoners. Finally, the article highlights the socio-criminological determinants leading to the incarceration of women. It points out the insufficient responsiveness of Kazakhstan’s criminal executive legislation toward female inmates, particularly regarding their specific needs, psychophysiological characteristics, and the necessity of creating conditions that ensure successful resocialization.