Abstract
This review examines the use of cell cultures as an experimental platform for optical diagnostics and the assessment of the cytotoxic effects of organic compounds. In vitro models, including primary cell cultures, immortalized cell lines, and tumor cell lines, are used to investigate biochemical changes associated with malignant transformation and cytotoxic effects. Particular emphasis is placed on Raman and infrared spectroscopy as label-free methods for detecting molecular alterations and evaluating dose-dependent cellular responses to organic compounds. The review covers studies using human cell lines, including MCF-7, HeLa, A549, HepG2, HL-60, and U-937, with particular attention to documented changes in lipid and protein composition, structural abnormalities, and metabolic adaptations. The integration of cellular models with optical methods enables the acquisition of reproducible and quantitatively measurable indicators of biochemical changes, thereby supporting the development of novel diagnostic approaches and the assessment of compound toxicity. The findings highlight the scientific value of cell cultures as a versatile platform for both fundamental and applied research in oncology and toxicology.