Abstract
This study presents novel tin‐based perovskites as multifunctional additives for liquid electrolytes in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), enabling significant improvements in photovoltaic performance and operational stability. Single‐ and double‐cation tin‐based perovskites (Pe and Ca‐Pe) were synthesized under ambient conditions using the ligand‐assisted reprecipitation method and subsequently incorporated into conventional liquid electrolytes. These perovskite additives effectively address traditional DSSC challenges, including limited long‐term stability and suboptimal charge transport. Electrochemical characterization revealed that incorporating Pe and Ca‐Pe significantly enhances ionic conductivity and reduces charge‐transfer resistance at the electrode–electrolyte interface, resulting in improved charge‐transport kinetics. Under standard AM 1.5G illumination, DSSCs employing LE + Pe achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.55%, while LE + Ca‐Pe devices delivered a superior PCE of 10.99% and a short‐circuit current density of 19.38 mA cm −2 . Long‐term stability testing at 23 °C demonstrated excellent durability, with LE + Ca‐Pe‐based devices retaining 96.6% of their initial efficiency after 720 h of continuous operation. The benefits extended to indoor illumination (6097 Lx), where LE + Pe and LE + Ca‐Pe devices achieved PCEs of 25.45% and 26.09%, respectively, surpassing baseline devices. These results demonstrate that tin‐based perovskite additives offer a promising pathway toward high‐performance DSSCs for both outdoor and indoor energy‐harvesting applications.