Abstract
This paper analyzes the development of the architecture of Astana’s high-rise residential complexes from 1998 to the early 21st century, in the context of transformations in urban planning policy and rapid expansion of housing construction. Attention is given to architectural design solutions of high-rise residential buildings not only from the perspective of their sustainability, including energy efficiency and climate adaptability, but also in terms of their contribution to creating a comfortable living environment and the quality of daily life. The information presented in this study is gathered from open sources, including materials from the National Archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan and field surveys of high-rise residential buildings in Astana. The research methodology is based on an analysis of international and domestic experience, a review of scientific publications, and the application of the case study method. As a result of the research, three stages of development in the architecture of Astana’s high-rise residential buildings have been identified: Stage I-1998-2010, characterized by the point construction of architectural landmarks; Stage II-2010-2020, marked by the transition to the formation of multifunctional residential clusters; and Stage III-2021 to the present, defined by the emergence of super-tall vertical ecosystems that combine the principles of energy-efficient design and deep functional integration. For each stage, characteristic architectural and environmental features have been identified, and key factors for the formation of sustainable and climate-adapted high-rise development have been identified. This has made it possible to outline a comfortable living environment that integrates technological solutions and principles of environmental and climate adaptation as a means of improving the quality of life in the rapidly growing capital.