From cyberbullying to criminal liability: Digital forensic markers in cases of suspected abetment to suicide

Nurzhan Saulen, Almas Kanatovich Kanatov, Zhaukhar Kenesbaevna Kozhantayeva, Orynbasar Tlepbergenov, Dinara Osmanova

Forensic Science International Synergy, 2026

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DOI 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2026.100729
Data confidence 70 medium
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Abstract

Cyberbullying that escalates into a victim's suicide poses significant challenges at the intersection of criminal law, causation analysis, and digital forensics. This article aims to examine how four jurisdictions - Kazakhstan, the United States, Germany, and India - conceptualise and assign criminal liability for suspected abetment to suicide conducted through online harassment, and to identify the evidentiary thresholds that shape prosecutorial decision-making. Methods: comprise comparative doctrinal analysis of legislation and published judgments, supplemented by structured document analysis of official materials and digital-evidence standards. The document was the unit of analysis. The source corpus included statutes and amendments, reported judicial decisions, official prosecutorial and institutional materials, and standards or guidance. Sources were compared across legal basis, prohibited conduct, mens rea, causation, victim autonomy, procedural status, and the evidentiary functions of digital records. Results: show substantial divergence: Kazakhstan expressly criminalises online forms of driving, inducing, or assisting suicide; India retains a statutory abetment offence but applies a demanding test of intent and proximity; the United States relies on state-specific offences or manslaughter; Germany generally precludes homicide attribution where suicide reflects autonomous decision-making. The reviewed authorities show that attributed communications, call records, and complete timelines can bear on authorship, knowledge, sequence, autonomy, and causation, but their legal effect depends on the applicable offence. Conclusions: emphasise that rigorous digital-evidence procedures and harmonised investigative standards are essential for fair, reproducible adjudication of cyber-induced suicides, while preserving due-process and free-expression safeguards. Practically, legislators should define prohibited conduct, culpability, causal proximity, vulnerability, and autonomy safeguards; investigators should document source, lawful authority, acquisition, timestamps, integrity checks, analysis, and every transfer so that digital evidence can be assessed across borders.