Abstract
Building evacuation during fire emergencies remains a critical challenge for urban safety, particularly in rapidly developing cities with complex high-rise architecture. This study presents a novel multi-agent evacuation simulation framework implemented using the Mesa agent-based modeling platform, specifically tailored for building safety analysis in Astana, Kazakhstan. The model integrates dynamic fire and smoke propagation with heterogeneous agent behaviors, simulating four distinct evacuee types: healthy adults, elderly/children, panicking individuals, and leaders. Through comprehensive simulation experiments, we analyzed evacuation patterns, exit utilization, agent performance differences, and spatial density dynamics under fire conditions. Results demonstrate that evacuation completion occurs within 180 simulation steps, with significant performance variations across agent types. Leaders achieved the fastest evacuation times (mean: 85 steps), while elderly agents required substantially longer (mean: 142 steps). Fire and smoke spread analysis revealed exponential growth patterns, with smoke cells expanding from 5 to over 120 cells within 100 steps. Exit utilization analysis showed balanced distribution across three exits (32%, 35%, 33%), indicating effective pathfinding algorithms. This research addresses a critical gap in regional fire safety literature, as no prior studies have specifically examined multi-agent evacuation dynamics in the Astana context. The findings provide actionable insights for building design, emergency planning, and evacuation protocol optimization in Central Asian urban environments characterized by extreme climatic conditions and modern high-rise architecture.