Abstract
This article examines the socio-economic and demographic consequences of collectivization and dekulakization policies in Kazakhstan, focusing on the Eastern region. A comparison of census data from 1926 and 1939 reveals a sharp decline in the Kazakh population due to famine, mass migration, and changes in the ethnodemographic structure. Archival materials enable an analysis of the scale of resettlement to China, the increase in the number of orphaned children, mortality rates, as well as the forms and methods of peasant resistance to the coercive policies of the Soviet authorities. Special attention is given to armed uprisings and mass migrations, including the Tolstoukhov Rebellion of 1930, its organizational features, slogans, and the role of its leader, Fyodor Tolstoukhov. It is shown that despite official classifications of these protest movements as «kulak-bandit formations», middle peasants and poor peasants also participated in them. The methods of suppression by the OGPU – including punitive operations, intelligence work, repressions, and the division of insurgent groups – are analyzed in detail. The study concludes that peasant resistance in Eastern Kazakhstan was driven by the destruction of the traditional structure of rural society, forced collectivization, and the confiscation of property, which gave the protests a mass and spontaneous character.